Molecular gas in the immediate vicinity of Sgr A* seen with ALMA

We report serendipitous detections of line emission with ALMA in band 3, 6, and 7 in the central parsec of the Galactic center at an up to now highest resolution (<0.7''). Among the highlights are the very first and highly resolved images of sub-mm molecular emission of CS, H13CO+, HC3N, SiO, SO, C2H, and CH3OH in the immediate vicinity (~1'' in projection) of Sgr A* and in the circumnuclear disk (CND). The central association (CA) of molecular clouds shows three times higher CS/X (X: any other observed molecule) luminosity ratios than the CND suggesting a combination of higher excitation - by a temperature gradient and/or IR-pumping - and abundance enhancement due to UV- and/or X-ray emission. We conclude that the CA is closer to the center than the CND is and could be an infalling clump consisting of denser cloud cores embedded in diffuse gas. Moreover, we identified further regions in and outside the CND that are ideally suited for future studies in the scope of hot/cold core and extreme PDR/XDR chemistry and consequent star formation in the central few parsecs

Anal atresia in dogs and cats: the scope from three clinical cases

Anal atresia is defined as the lack of a complete communication between rectum and the anus, it is the most common anorectal malformation and has been observed mainly in dogs. It has been associated to alterations of anogenital differentiation of the cloaca in the embryo, however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Different criteria have been proposed in the literature to classify anal atresia. This study shows the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of three cases (two dogs and one cat) with anal atresia. The frequency of this malformation in our hospital is reported as well as a discussion of the theories of the processes involved in the development of anal atresia, and a revised classification for this pathology according to embryo anatomy and development is proposed.La atresia anal se define como la falta de comunicación del recto y el perineo a través del ano, siendo esta la malformación anorrectal reportada con mayor frecuencia en el perro y el gato. Está asociada a alteraciones en la diferenciación de la cloaca en el embrión en desarrollo; sin embargo los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados hasta el momento no han sido completamente esclarecidos. En el presente documento se expone la experiencia en el diagnóstico y manejo de tres pacientes (dos perros y un gato) con atresia anal, presentamos los resultados del análisis de la frecuencia de esta patología en nuestro centro hospitalario, realizamos una revisión detallada de las teorías de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados en el desarrollo embrionario y con base en estos criterios, sugerimos la clasificación del tipo de atresia anal más apropiada partiendo del análisis de las propuestas existentes y su relación con los conceptos actuales de la anatomía embriológica.Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (CONACyT) por el esquema de becas para los alumnos en el Programa de Especialización en Medicina y Cirugía en Perros y Gatos de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, inserto en el Padrón Nacional de Excelencia-CONACyT

Atresia anal en perros y gatos: conceptos actuales a partir de tres casos clínicos

Anal atresia is defined as the lack of a complete communication between rectum and the anus, it is the most common anorectal malformation and has been observed mainly in dogs. It has been associated to alterations of anogenital differentiation of the cloaca in the embryo, however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Different criteria have been proposed in the literature to classify anal atresia. This study shows the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of three cases (two dogs and one cat) with anal atresia. The frequency of this malformation in our hospital is reported as well as a discussion of the theories of the processes involved in the development of anal atresia, and a revised classification for this pathology according to embryo anatomy and development is proposed.La atresia anal se define como la falta de comunicación del recto y el perineo a través del ano, siendo esta la malformación anorrectal reportada con mayor frecuencia en el perro y el gato. Está asociada a alteraciones en la diferenciación de la cloaca en el embrión en desarrollo; sin embargo los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados hasta el momento no han sido completamente esclarecidos. En el presente documento se expone la experiencia en el diagnóstico y manejo de tres pacientes (dos perros y un gato) con atresia anal, presentamos los resultados del análisis de la frecuencia de esta patología en nuestro centro hospitalario, realizamos una revisión detallada de las teorías de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados en el desarrollo embrionario y con base en estos criterios, sugerimos la clasificación del tipo de atresia anal más apropiada partiendo del análisis de las propuestas existentes y su relación con los conceptos actuales de la anatomía embriológica.Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (CONACyT) por el esquema de becas para los alumnos en el Programa de Especialización en Medicina y Cirugía en Perros y Gatos de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, inserto en el Padrón Nacional de Excelencia-CONACyT

A low-luminosity type-1 QSO sample

International audienc

A multi-taxa assessment of aquatic non-indigenous species introduced into Iberian freshwater and transitional waters

Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS), leading to multi-faceted ecological, economic and health impacts worldwide. The Iberian Peninsula comprises an exceptionally biodiverse Mediterranean region with a high number of threatened and endemic aquatic species, most of them strongly impacted by biological invasions. Following a structured approach that combines a systematic review of available information and expert opinion, we provide a comprehensive and updated multi-taxa inventory of aquatic NIS (fungi, macroalgae, vascular plants, invertebrates and vertebrates) in Iberian inland waters. Moreover, we assess overall patterns in the establishment status, introduction pathways, native range and temporal introduction trends of listed NIS. In addition, we discuss the legal coverage provided by both national (Spanish and Portuguese) and European NIS regulations. We inventoried 326 aquatic NIS in Iberian inland waters, including 215 established, 96 with uncertain establishment status and 15 cryptogenic taxa. Invertebrates (54.6%) and vertebrates (24.5%) were the groups with the highest number of NIS, with Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Chordata being the most represented phyla. Recorded NIS originated from diverse geographic regions, with North and South America being the most frequent. Vertebrates and vascular plants were mostly introduced through intentional pathways (i.e. release and escape), whereas invertebrates and macroalgae arrived mostly through unintentional ways (i.e. contaminant or stowaway). Most of the recorded NIS were introduced in Iberian inland waters over the second half of the 20th century, with a high number of NIS introductions being reported in the 2000s. While only 8% of the recorded NIS appear in the European Union list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern, around 25% are listed in the Spanish and Portuguese NIS regulations. This study provides the most updated checklist of Iberian aquatic NIS, meeting the requirements set by the EU regulation and providing a baseline for the evaluation of its application. We point out the need for coordinated transnational strategies to properly tackle aquatic invasions across borders of the EU members

Approaching hell's kitchen: Molecular daredevil clouds in the vicinity of Sagittarius A*

We report serendipitous detections of line emission with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in bands 3, 6, and 7 in the central parsec down to within 100 around Sgr A* at an up to now highest resolution (< 0.5) view of the Galactic center (GC) in the submillimeter (sub-mm) domain. From the 100 GHz continuum and the H39 alpha emission we obtain a uniform electron temperature around T-e similar to 6000 K for the minispiral. The spectral index (S alpha nu(alpha)) of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is similar to 0.5 at 100-250 GHz and similar to 0.0 at 230-340 GHz. The bright sources in the center show spectral indices around -0.1 implying Bremsstrahlung emission, while dust emission is emerging in the minispiral exterior. Apart from CS, which is most widespread in the center, H13CO+, HC3N, SiO, SO, C2H, CH3OH, (CS)-C-13 and N2H+ are also detected. The bulk of the clumpy emission regions is at positive velocities and in a region confined by the minispiral northern arm (NA), bar, and the sources IRS 3 and 7. Although partly spatially overlapping with the radio recombination line (RRL) emission at same negative velocities, the relation to the minispiral remains unclear. A likely explanation is an infalling clump consisting of denser cloud cores embedded in diffuse gas. This central association (CA) of clouds shows three times higher CS/X (X: any other observed molecule) ratios than the circumnuclear disk (CND) suggesting a combination of higher excitation, by a temperature gradient and/or infrared (IR) pumping, and abundance enhancement due to UV and/or X-ray emission. Hence, we conclude that this CA is closer to the center than the CND is to the center. Moreover, we find molecular line emission at velocities up to 200 km s(-1). Apart from the CA, we identified two intriguing regions in the CND. One region shows emission in all molecular species and higher energy levels tested in this and previous observations and contains a methanol class I maser. The other region shows similar behavior of the line ratios such as the CA. Outside the CND, we find the traditionally quiescent gas tracer N2H+ coinciding with the largest IR dark clouds in the field. Methanol emission is found at and around previously detected methanol class I masers in the same region. We propose to make these particular regions subject to further studies in the scope of hot core, cold core, and extreme photon and/or X-ray dominated region (PDR/XDR) chemistry and consequent star formation in the central few parsecs